{"id":1166,"date":"2025-12-17T09:28:52","date_gmt":"2025-12-17T00:28:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/?p=1166"},"modified":"2025-12-19T10:04:43","modified_gmt":"2025-12-19T01:04:43","slug":"rram-5-impedance-matching","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/en\/rram-5-impedance-matching\/","title":{"rendered":"About RRAM \u2013 5 Pulse measurement and impedance matching"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There is a mystery that many RRAM researchers face. <em>\"When measured with a DC Sweep, the On\/Off ratio was good and the operating voltage was nice at 1V, but it won't budge with a 100ns pulse. And when I raised the voltage, it suddenly died.\"<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To put it coldly, <strong>DC measurement data is only half the truth.<\/strong>This is because memory in actual computers operates with short pulses in the nanosecond (ns) range.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The critical difference between DC and Pulse environments lies in 'Heat' and 'Signal Reflection'. In this article, we will reveal the voltage-time dilemma that occurs during high-speed operation and practical know-how to solve impedance mismatch problems that distort signals.<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id1166_0eb836-05 .kb-table-of-content-wrap{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);box-shadow:0px 0px 14px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id1166_0eb836-05 .kb-table-of-contents-title-wrap{padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id1166_0eb836-05 .kb-table-of-contents-title{font-weight:regular;font-style:normal;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id1166_0eb836-05 .kb-table-of-content-wrap .kb-table-of-content-list{font-weight:regular;font-style:normal;margin-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id1166_0eb836-05 .kb-table-of-contents-title{font-size:var(--global-kb-font-size-md, 1.25rem);}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id1166_0eb836-05 .kb-table-of-content-wrap .kb-table-of-content-list{font-size:var(--global-kb-font-size-sm, 0.9rem);}}<\/style>\n\n<style>.kadence-column1166_32cd99-9e > .kt-inside-inner-col{box-shadow:inset 0px 0px 14px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;}.kadence-column1166_32cd99-9e > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column1166_32cd99-9e > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column1166_32cd99-9e > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column1166_32cd99-9e > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column1166_32cd99-9e > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column1166_32cd99-9e > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column1166_32cd99-9e{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column1166_32cd99-9e > .kt-inside-inner-col{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column1166_32cd99-9e > .kt-inside-inner-col{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column1166_32cd99-9e\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Related articles<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2705<a href=\"https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/en\/rram-1-mechanism\/\">About RRAM - 1 Operation mechanism<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2705<a href=\"https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/en\/rram-2-property\/\">About RRAM - 2 Properties<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2705<a href=\"https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/en\/rram-3-crossbar-array\/\">About RRAM - 3 Crossbar array and Sneak Path Current<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2705<a href=\"https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/en\/rram-4-forming-compliance-current\/\">About RRAM \u2013 4 Forming and Compliance Current<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2705<a href=\"https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/en\/rram-6-oxram-cbram\/\">About RRAM \u2013 6 Filament Materials: OxRAM vs. CBRAM<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2705<a href=\"https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/en\/rram-7-stdp-spike-timing-dependent-plasticity\/\">About RRAM \u2013 7 STDP (Spike-Timing-Dependent Plasticity)<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. The Critical Difference Between DC and Pulse: Heat Accumulation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Filament formation and rupture in RRAM are a joint effort of the Electric Field (E-field) and Joule Heating.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>DC Sweep:<\/strong> Voltage is increased slowly (in ms). Since the current flows for a long time, <strong>heat accumulates sufficiently.<\/strong>Thanks to this, filaments grow well (Set) or melt well (Reset) even at relatively low voltages.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Pulse Mode:<\/strong> Voltage is applied only for a very short time (in ns). There is insufficient time for heat to generate.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Result:<\/strong> A device that turned on at 1V in DC requires 2V or 3V to barely turn on in Pulse mode.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Voltage-Time Dilemma<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The switching speed(\ud835\uded5) of RRAM and the applied voltage (V) have an exponential relationship.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-math\"><math display=\"block\"><semantics><mrow><mi>\u03c4<\/mi><mo>=<\/mo><msub><mi>\u03c4<\/mi><mn>0<\/mn><\/msub><mo>\u22c5<\/mo><mrow><mi>exp<\/mi><mo>\u2061<\/mo><\/mrow><mo form=\"prefix\" stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo><mo form=\"prefix\" stretchy=\"false\">\u2212<\/mo><mi>V<\/mi><mi>\/<\/mi><msub><mi>V<\/mi><mn>0<\/mn><\/msub><mo form=\"postfix\" stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\tau = \\tau_0 \\cdot \\exp(-V\/V_0)<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This means <strong>\"to operate faster (with shorter pulses), you must apply exponentially higher voltages.\"<\/strong>This is why the device does not respond if you apply a pulse with a low voltage relying only on DC data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. The Identity of Ghost Signals: Ringing and Overshoot<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The biggest enemy of pulse measurement is not the device itself, but the Cable. When the frequency exceeds a few MHz, the wire acts not just as a simple conductor but as a Transmission Line.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At this time, if Impedance Matching is not achieved, the signal reflects and returns.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Situation: Mismatched Case (Most Labs)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Source:<\/strong> Pulse Generator (Output impedance 50\u2126)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Cable:<\/strong> BNC\/SMA cable (characteristic impedance 50\u2126)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Load:<\/strong> RRAM device (impedance R<sub>device<\/sub>: K\u2126 ~ M\u2126)  -&gt; <strong>Incorrect!!<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The signal travels along a 50\u2126 cable and suddenly hits a high-resistance (~M\u2126) wall (RRAM). The energy, having nowhere to go, is <strong>100% reflected,<\/strong>combined with the incoming signal, creating <strong>Overshoot<\/strong>where the voltage jumps to double, and Ringing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Risk:<\/strong> I sent 2V, but momentarily 4V is applied to the device. -&gt; <strong>Hard Breakdown<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Solution:<\/strong> Reflection must be eliminated.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. The Solution: Impedance Matching<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To prevent signal reflection, the RRAM side must also accept it as 50\u2126. However, since we cannot change the RRAM resistance, we perform matching circuit-wise.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Method 1. Utilizing the Oscilloscope's 50\u2126 Mode (Parallel Connection)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The easiest way is to connect the oscilloscope in parallel with the RRAM and set the input impedance of the oscilloscope to 50\u2126 instead of High-Z (1M\u2126).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Path:<\/strong> PGU -&gt; Splitter -&gt; (1) RRAM \/ (2) Oscilloscope (50\u2126 Termination)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Principle:<\/strong> Since the end looks like 50\u2126 from the signal's perspective, reflection is significantly reduced.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Method 2. Using an Active Probe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is the most accurate but expensive method. Active Probes have very low input capacitance, measuring high-frequency signals without distortion. The key is to place the probe tip as close to the device pad as possible.<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.kb-image1166_236fbc-d9.kb-image-is-ratio-size, .kb-image1166_236fbc-d9 .kb-image-is-ratio-size{max-width:210px;width:100%;}.wp-block-kadence-column > .kt-inside-inner-col > .kb-image1166_236fbc-d9.kb-image-is-ratio-size, .wp-block-kadence-column > .kt-inside-inner-col > .kb-image1166_236fbc-d9 .kb-image-is-ratio-size{align-self:unset;}.kb-image1166_236fbc-d9 figure{max-width:210px;}.kb-image1166_236fbc-d9 .image-is-svg, .kb-image1166_236fbc-d9 .image-is-svg img{width:100%;}.kb-image1166_236fbc-d9 .kb-image-has-overlay:after{opacity:0.3;}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-image1166_236fbc-d9.kb-image-is-ratio-size, .kb-image1166_236fbc-d9 .kb-image-is-ratio-size{max-width:210px;width:100%;}.kb-image1166_236fbc-d9 figure{max-width:210px;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-image kb-image1166_236fbc-d9\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tek.com\/ko\/datasheet\/active-probes\" class=\"kb-advanced-image-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img data-dominant-color=\"e7e7e6\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #e7e7e6;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"218\" height=\"232\" src=\"https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image-8-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"kb-img wp-image-1167 not-transparent\"\/><\/a><figcaption>Active probe<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. Practical Measurement Setup Guide (Setup Diagram)<\/h2>\n\n\n<style>.kb-image1166_243375-eb.kb-image-is-ratio-size, .kb-image1166_243375-eb .kb-image-is-ratio-size{max-width:780px;width:100%;}.wp-block-kadence-column > .kt-inside-inner-col > .kb-image1166_243375-eb.kb-image-is-ratio-size, .wp-block-kadence-column > .kt-inside-inner-col > .kb-image1166_243375-eb .kb-image-is-ratio-size{align-self:unset;}.kb-image1166_243375-eb figure{max-width:780px;}.kb-image1166_243375-eb .image-is-svg, .kb-image1166_243375-eb .image-is-svg img{width:100%;}.kb-image1166_243375-eb .kb-image-has-overlay:after{opacity:0.3;}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-image1166_243375-eb.kb-image-is-ratio-size, .kb-image1166_243375-eb .kb-image-is-ratio-size{max-width:280px;width:100%;}.kb-image1166_243375-eb figure{max-width:280px;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-image kb-image1166_243375-eb\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img data-dominant-color=\"eef1f6\" data-has-transparency=\"true\" style=\"--dominant-color: #eef1f6;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"424\" src=\"https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image-8-1024x424.png\" alt=\"RRAM \uce21\uc815 \ud68c\ub85c\" class=\"kb-img wp-image-1169 has-transparency\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image-8-1024x424.png 1024w, https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image-8-300x124.png 300w, https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image-8-768x318.png 768w, https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image-8.png 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>RRAM measurement circuit<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is the equipment connection sequence for successful pulse measurement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Pulse Generator Unit(PGU):<\/strong> Equipment that fires pulses. Set the Rise\/Fall Time as fast as possible (must be faster than the device speed).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n<style>.kb-image1166_c9f1a1-4d.kb-image-is-ratio-size, .kb-image1166_c9f1a1-4d .kb-image-is-ratio-size{max-width:250px;width:100%;}.wp-block-kadence-column > .kt-inside-inner-col > .kb-image1166_c9f1a1-4d.kb-image-is-ratio-size, .wp-block-kadence-column > .kt-inside-inner-col > .kb-image1166_c9f1a1-4d .kb-image-is-ratio-size{align-self:unset;}.kb-image1166_c9f1a1-4d figure{max-width:250px;}.kb-image1166_c9f1a1-4d .image-is-svg, .kb-image1166_c9f1a1-4d .image-is-svg img{width:100%;}.kb-image1166_c9f1a1-4d .kb-image-has-overlay:after{opacity:0.3;}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-image1166_c9f1a1-4d.kb-image-is-ratio-size, .kb-image1166_c9f1a1-4d .kb-image-is-ratio-size{max-width:250px;width:100%;}.kb-image1166_c9f1a1-4d figure{max-width:250px;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-image kb-image1166_c9f1a1-4d\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/figure\/The-current-response-of-the-sample-to-a-constant-voltage-pulse_fig3_321585841\" class=\"kb-advanced-image-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img data-dominant-color=\"f2eef0\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #f2eef0;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"260\" height=\"194\" src=\"https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image-8-3.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"kb-img wp-image-1168 not-transparent\"\/><\/a><figcaption>Capacitive current during pulse operation<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Bias Tee (Optional):<\/strong> Used when AC pulses need to be superimposed on a DC bias.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>RRAM Device:<\/strong> Keep the cable length as short as possible. (Parasitic capacitance increases as the cable gets longer.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Oscilloscope:<\/strong> You must visually check the 'Real Voltage' applied across the RRAM. Do not trust the voltage displayed on the PGU screen.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Channel 1:<\/strong> Current monitoring through the device (Measure voltage drop by attaching a resistor in series)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Channel 2:<\/strong> Input pulse monitoring<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. Conclusion: Clean Waveforms Yield Good Results<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">DC measurement shows the 'result', but Pulse measurement shows the 'process'.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If the RRAM doesn't work or keeps dying, check the Oscilloscope Waveform first before blaming the device.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Is the waveform dancing? -&gt; <strong>Do Impedance Matching.<\/strong>\uc744 \ud558\uc138\uc694.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Did you apply the pulse with the same DC voltage? -&gt; <strong>Increase the voltage or extend the pulse width.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Just remembering these two things will elevate your RRAM data quality to Publication Quality.<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column1166_43ca00-c6 > .kt-inside-inner-col{box-shadow:inset 0px 0px 14px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;}.kadence-column1166_43ca00-c6 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column1166_43ca00-c6 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column1166_43ca00-c6 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column1166_43ca00-c6 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column1166_43ca00-c6 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column1166_43ca00-c6 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column1166_43ca00-c6{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column1166_43ca00-c6 > .kt-inside-inner-col{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column1166_43ca00-c6 > .kt-inside-inner-col{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column1166_43ca00-c6\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Related articles<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2705<a href=\"https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/en\/rram-1-mechanism\/\">About RRAM - 1 Operation mechanism<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2705<a href=\"https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/en\/rram-2-property\/\">About RRAM - 2 Properties<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2705<a href=\"https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/en\/rram-3-crossbar-array\/\">About RRAM - 3 Crossbar array and Sneak Path Current<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2705<a href=\"https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/en\/rram-4-forming-compliance-current\/\">About RRAM \u2013 4 Forming and Compliance Current<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2705<a href=\"https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/en\/rram-6-oxram-cbram\/\">About RRAM \u2013 6 Filament Materials: OxRAM vs. CBRAM<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2705<a href=\"https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/en\/rram-7-stdp-spike-timing-dependent-plasticity\/\">About RRAM \u2013 7 STDP (Spike-Timing-Dependent Plasticity)<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">References: <a href=\"https:\/\/download.tek.com\/document\/1KW-60638-1_Non-Volatile_Memory%20Test_4200A-SCS_Application_Note_111320.pdf?_gl=1*12utomm*_ga*MjQzOTU2NjU5LjE3NjU3ODU2NjQ.*_ga_1HMYS1JH9M*czE3NjU3ODU2NjMkbzEkZzAkdDE3NjU3ODU2NjUkajYwJGwwJGgw*_gcl_au*OTcwNDcxNjguMTc2NTc4NTY2Ng..\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tektronix<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>There's a mystery that plagues many RRAM researchers: \"When measured with DC Sweep\u2026<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1169,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_kadence_starter_templates_imported_post":false,"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[114],"tags":[20,21],"class_list":["post-1166","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-rram-research","tag-memristor","tag-rram"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1166","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1166"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1166\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1213,"href":"https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1166\/revisions\/1213"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1169"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1166"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1166"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1166"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}<!-- This website is optimized by Airlift. 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