{"id":1154,"date":"2025-12-13T12:07:22","date_gmt":"2025-12-13T03:07:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/?p=1154"},"modified":"2025-12-20T12:48:39","modified_gmt":"2025-12-20T03:48:39","slug":"rram-3-crossbar-array","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/en\/rram-3-crossbar-array\/","title":{"rendered":"About RRAM - 3 Crossbar array and Sneak Path Current"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>It's been a really long time since I wrote about RRAM, so I thought I'd summarize it before it completely fades from my memory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the previous two parts, we explored the operating principles (filament theory) and characteristics of a single RRAM device. However, in the semiconductor business, a single device has no value. Billions of devices must be integrated to create a \"memory chip.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The primary reason RRAM is attracting attention as a next-generation memory is its <strong>Crossbar Array<\/strong> architecture, which theoretically allows for the smallest possible area. However, this architecture suffers from a critical drawback: Sneak Path Current (leakage current).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In this article, we will explain the Crossbar Array structure that determines the integration density of RRAM, the Sneak Path Current that interferes with it, and <strong>the Selector<\/strong> technology that is the solution.<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id1154_c010e4-e6 .kb-table-of-content-wrap{padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-left:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);box-shadow:0px 0px 14px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id1154_c010e4-e6 .kb-table-of-contents-title-wrap{padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id1154_c010e4-e6 .kb-table-of-contents-title{font-weight:regular;font-style:normal;}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id1154_c010e4-e6 .kb-table-of-content-wrap .kb-table-of-content-list{font-weight:regular;font-style:normal;margin-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id1154_c010e4-e6 .kb-table-of-contents-title{font-size:var(--global-kb-font-size-md, 1.25rem);}.kb-table-of-content-nav.kb-table-of-content-id1154_c010e4-e6 .kb-table-of-content-wrap .kb-table-of-content-list{font-size:var(--global-kb-font-size-sm, 0.9rem);}}<\/style>\n\n<style>.kadence-column1154_1989bf-22 > .kt-inside-inner-col{box-shadow:inset 0px 0px 14px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;}.kadence-column1154_1989bf-22 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column1154_1989bf-22 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column1154_1989bf-22 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column1154_1989bf-22 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column1154_1989bf-22 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column1154_1989bf-22 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column1154_1989bf-22{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column1154_1989bf-22 > .kt-inside-inner-col{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column1154_1989bf-22 > .kt-inside-inner-col{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column1154_1989bf-22\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<p><strong>Related articles<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2705<a href=\"https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/en\/rram-1-mechanism\/\">About RRAM - 1 Operation mechanism<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2705<a href=\"https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/en\/rram-2-property\/\">About RRAM - 2 Properties<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2705<a href=\"https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/en\/rram-4-forming-compliance-current\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"1161\">About RRAM \u2013 4 Forming and Compliance Current<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2705<a href=\"https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/en\/rram-5-impedance-matching\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"1166\">About RRAM \u2013 5 Pulse measurement and impedance matching<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2705<a href=\"https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/en\/rram-6-oxram-cbram\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"1173\">About RRAM \u2013 6 Filament Materials: OxRAM vs. CBRAM<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2705<a href=\"https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/en\/rram-7-stdp-spike-timing-dependent-plasticity\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"1188\">About RRAM \u2013 7 STDP (Spike-Timing-Dependent Plasticity)<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. What is a Crossbar Array structure?<\/h2>\n\n\n<style>.kb-image1154_7823e6-24.kb-image-is-ratio-size, .kb-image1154_7823e6-24 .kb-image-is-ratio-size{max-width:430px;width:100%;}.wp-block-kadence-column > .kt-inside-inner-col > .kb-image1154_7823e6-24.kb-image-is-ratio-size, .wp-block-kadence-column > .kt-inside-inner-col > .kb-image1154_7823e6-24 .kb-image-is-ratio-size{align-self:unset;}.kb-image1154_7823e6-24 figure{max-width:430px;}.kb-image1154_7823e6-24 .image-is-svg, .kb-image1154_7823e6-24 .image-is-svg img{width:100%;}.kb-image1154_7823e6-24 .kb-image-has-overlay:after{opacity:0.3;}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-image1154_7823e6-24.kb-image-is-ratio-size, .kb-image1154_7823e6-24 .kb-image-is-ratio-size{max-width:282px;width:100%;}.kb-image1154_7823e6-24 figure{max-width:282px;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-image kb-image1154_7823e6-24\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img data-dominant-color=\"cdd1d8\" data-has-transparency=\"false\" style=\"--dominant-color: #cdd1d8;\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"436\" height=\"151\" src=\"https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/crossbar_array.jpg\" alt=\"crossbar array\" class=\"kb-img wp-image-1155 not-transparent\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/crossbar_array.jpg 436w, https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/crossbar_array-300x104.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 436px) 100vw, 436px\" \/><figcaption>crossbar array<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Conventional memory (DRAM, NAND) has limited integration due to its complex transistor and capacitor structures. In contrast, RRAM's <strong>Crossbar Array<\/strong> structure is remarkably simple.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Structural features<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Word Line and Bit Line:<\/strong> The wiring crosses in a grid pattern.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Crosspoint:<\/strong> The RRAM element (Metal-Insulator-Metal) is sandwiched between the wires.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Pros:<\/strong>\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Cell Size:<\/strong> The area is determined solely by the wiring width (F) without transistors, so theoretically the highest density is possible.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Stackable:<\/strong> It is advantageous to continue stacking upwards like 3D NAND (3D Crosspoint Memory).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Fatal Problem: Sneak Path Current<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The crossbar structure is a double-edged sword because all wires are connected. When attempting to read a specific cell, current leaks through unwanted sneak paths.<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.kb-image1154_981d61-5c.kb-image-is-ratio-size, .kb-image1154_981d61-5c .kb-image-is-ratio-size{max-width:500px;width:100%;}.wp-block-kadence-column > .kt-inside-inner-col > .kb-image1154_981d61-5c.kb-image-is-ratio-size, .wp-block-kadence-column > .kt-inside-inner-col > .kb-image1154_981d61-5c .kb-image-is-ratio-size{align-self:unset;}.kb-image1154_981d61-5c figure{max-width:500px;}.kb-image1154_981d61-5c .image-is-svg, .kb-image1154_981d61-5c .image-is-svg img{width:100%;}.kb-image1154_981d61-5c .kb-image-has-overlay:after{opacity:0.3;}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-image1154_981d61-5c.kb-image-is-ratio-size, .kb-image1154_981d61-5c .kb-image-is-ratio-size{max-width:280px;width:100%;}.kb-image1154_981d61-5c figure{max-width:280px;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-image kb-image1154_981d61-5c\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/figure\/a-RRAM-based-passive-crossbar-array-and-b-sneak-path-current_fig1_377123646\" class=\"kb-advanced-image-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.kakaocdn.net\/dna\/cwjDjY\/dJMcagKO2VM\/AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAP7teNp6n32bo442Id4LiFStsXI_d8kyj23yt0RTdreT\/img.png?credential=yqXZFxpELC7KVnFOS48ylbz2pIh7yKj8&amp;expires=1767193199&amp;allow_ip=&amp;allow_referer=&amp;signature=bUYswzgVfTcTKc1pZMt6fyv5MWE%3D\" alt=\"\" class=\"kb-img\"\/><\/a><figcaption>Sneak path current<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Occurrence mechanism<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Let's say we want to read the red cell (HRS).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Intention:<\/strong> Apply voltage to the selected Word Line and measure the current flowing to the Bit Line. Since the HRS cell has high resistance, there should be <strong>almost no current flowing<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Reality (Sneak Path):<\/strong> But what if there are LRS cells around that cell (blue) Instead of passing through the HRS cell with high resistance, <strong>the current flows through the surrounding cells with low resistance.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Result (Read Failure):<\/strong> The sense amplifier judges, \u201cHuh? There\u2019s a lot of current flowing?\u201d and <strong>misjudges the target cell as LRS<\/strong>instead of HRS.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Due to this problem, <strong>a passive crossbar array<\/strong>with only a single element (resistor) cannot be scaled up to large capacity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Solution 1: 1T1R (1 Transistor \u2013 1 Resistor)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The most obvious solution is to add a transistor to each RRAM element.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Principle:<\/strong> Since current flows only when the gate of the transistor is opened, the sneak path can be completely blocked.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Cons:<\/strong> The inclusion of transistors increases the area, making it unsuitable for high-density memory (Storage Class Memory) and primarily used as a replacement for <strong>Embedded Flash.<\/strong> \ub300\uccb4\uc6a9\uc73c\ub85c \uc4f0\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. Solution 2: 1S1R (1 Selector \u2013 1 Resistor)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>For high-density memory, instead of transistors, a selector with only two terminals, which acts as a switch, is required. The structure that stacks this in series with RRAM is called <strong>1S1R.<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Role of Selectors (Nonlinearity)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A selector is similar to a <strong>diode<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Low Voltage (Sneak Path Section):<\/strong> Turns off the current. Prevents microcurrents from leaking in from the surroundings.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>High voltage (Read\/Write section):<\/strong> Passes current (ON).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>That is, by taking advantage of the characteristic that the door opens only when a certain voltage (Threshold Voltage, V<sub>th<\/sub>) is exceeded, it allows only selected cells to be accurately read and written.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Types of Selectors<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Ovonic Threshold Switch (OTS):<\/strong> A core technology used in Intel's 3D XPoint. It utilizes the phase transition of chalcogenide materials and boasts extremely fast switching speeds.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Mott Insulator (MIT):<\/strong> It uses a material whose properties change from insulator  metal depending on the voltage.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conduction (MIEC):<\/strong> This is a method that utilizes the movement of ions and electrons simultaneously.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. Conclusion and Summary<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>For RRAM to be used as next-generation memory, establishing a <strong>reliable 1S1R structure<\/strong>is essential.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Crossbar Array:<\/strong> Although the integration is high, interference occurs because all paths are connected.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Sneak Path:<\/strong> A fatal error in which current leaks into surrounding low-resistance (LRS) cells, causing data to be misread.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Selector (1S1R):<\/strong> A key component that suppresses sneak paths by blocking current at low voltages and allowing it to flow only at high voltages.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column1154_5a4f0a-98 > .kt-inside-inner-col{box-shadow:inset 0px 0px 14px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;}.kadence-column1154_5a4f0a-98 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column1154_5a4f0a-98 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column1154_5a4f0a-98 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column1154_5a4f0a-98 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column1154_5a4f0a-98 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column1154_5a4f0a-98 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column1154_5a4f0a-98{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column1154_5a4f0a-98 > .kt-inside-inner-col{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column1154_5a4f0a-98 > .kt-inside-inner-col{border-top:0px solid transparent;border-right:0px solid transparent;border-bottom:0px solid transparent;border-left:0px solid transparent;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column1154_5a4f0a-98\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<p><strong>Related articles<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2705<a href=\"https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/en\/rram-1-mechanism\/\">About RRAM - 1 Operation mechanism<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2705<a href=\"https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/en\/rram-2-property\/\">About RRAM - 2 Properties<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2705<a href=\"https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/en\/rram-4-forming-compliance-current\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"1161\">About RRAM \u2013 4 Forming and Compliance Current<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2705<a href=\"https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/en\/rram-5-impedance-matching\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"1166\">About RRAM \u2013 5 Pulse measurement and impedance matching<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2705<a href=\"https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/en\/rram-6-oxram-cbram\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"1173\">About RRAM \u2013 6 Filament Materials: OxRAM vs. CBRAM<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2705<a href=\"https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/en\/rram-7-stdp-spike-timing-dependent-plasticity\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"1188\">About RRAM \u2013 7 STDP (Spike-Timing-Dependent Plasticity)<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>References: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nnano.2012.240\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Memristive devices for computing<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>It's been a really long time since I wrote about RRAM, it's completely faded from my memory...<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1155,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_kadence_starter_templates_imported_post":false,"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[114],"tags":[20,21],"class_list":["post-1154","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-rram-research","tag-memristor","tag-rram"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1154","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1154"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1154\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1221,"href":"https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1154\/revisions\/1221"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1155"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1154"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1154"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rtlearner.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1154"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}<!-- This website is optimized by Airlift. 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